英语阅读能力依靠什么？必然是词汇的积累，但，仅仅是词汇的积累是不够了，更应该了解英语句式，不同句型所表达意义。如何培养自己的阅读语感呢？那么就跟着聚创考研网小编每天学一点英语，一起为考研筑起坚实的地基。阅读是需要积累的，就像我们需要经常和人沟通才会促进我们的表达能力一样~小伙伴跟着小编一起，每天坚持打卡，培养英语阅读能力及语感，了解文章一些经典词汇的用法。

经济学人:论文和专利的颠覆性越来越弱(上)

Papers and patents are becoming less challenging of orthodoxy."Ideas are like rabbits," John Steinbeck said."You get a couple and learn how to handle them, and pretty soon you have a dozen."Scientific and technological progress is often viewed in this way.Current ideas build on previous ones.And ideas, along with papers and patents, have indeed proliferated in the recent past.Yet despite - or perhaps because of - this productivity (papers published and patents issued each year now number in the millions), it has been documented that innovation within specific fields has been in decline.

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论文和专利对正统观念的挑战正变得越来越小。约翰·斯坦贝克说：“想法就像兔子。”“一开始你有几个想法，学着如何处理它们，很快你就会有好多想法。”科技进步往往就是这样。当前的想法是建立在以前的想法基础上的。在最近一段时期，想法以及论文和专利的数量在激增。然而，尽管——或许是因为——产出率很高（现在每年发表的论文和发明的专利数量以数百万计），但有记录表明，特定领域的创新数量一直在下降。

 

For example, a paper titled "Science in the age of selfies", published in 2016, warned of a shifting incentive-and-information landscape in biology, particularly neuroscience, that has diluted the number of high-impact discoveries.Michael Park and Russell Funk of the University of Minnesota, and Erin Leahey of the University of Arizona, have set out to determine whether this decline holds for science and technology in general.In a study published this week in Nature they analyse 45m papers and 3.9m patents published and filed between 1945 and 2010.The measurement they use for this work, known as the CD index, quantifies how "consolidating" or "disruptive" each paper or patent is.A paper is consolidating (a low CD score) if later work citing it also cites the papers that it, itself, cited.

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例如，2016年发表的一篇题为《自拍时代的科学》的论文警告称，生物学，特别是神经科学中激励和信息模式的不断变化，稀释了高影响力发现的数量。明尼苏达大学的迈克尔·帕克和拉塞尔·芬克，以及亚利桑那大学的艾琳·利希，正在研究高影响力发现的减少是否发生在整个科学和技术界。在本周发表在《自然》杂志上的一项研究中，他们分析了1945年至2010年间发表和提交的4500万篇论文和390万项专利。他们在这项工作中使用了CD指数作为衡量标准，CD指数能够量化每一篇论文或专利对于已知事实的“深化”或“颠覆”程度。称一篇论文深化了当前发现（CD分数低）是指，后来的论文引用这篇论文的同时也引用了这篇论文本身引用的论文。

 

Discoveries and inventions of this sort - like a patent awarded in 2005 for genetically modified soyabeans - serve to propel science forward along its existing trajectory.By contrast, a paper is disruptive (a high CD score) if it is cited by later work in the absence of citations of its predecessors.A classic example of that was the study published in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick on the double-helical structure of DNA.High-CD papers disrupt the status quo, fundamentally altering a field’s trajectory or creating a new field altogether.

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这类发现和发明——比如2005年授予转基因大豆的专利——有助于推动科学沿着现有的轨道向前发展。相比之下，如果一篇论文在没有引用前人的情况下被后来的论文引用，那么它就颠覆了当前发现（CD分数高）。一个经典的例子是詹姆斯·沃森和弗朗西斯·克里克在1953年发表的关于DNA双螺旋结构的研究。CD分数高的论文能够打破现状，从根本上改变一个领域的轨迹，或者创造一个全新的领域。